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 The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) reabsorbs most of the glucose filtered by the kidneys. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption, thereby lowering blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes [1]. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with disabling micro- and macrovascular complications that lead to excessive morbidity and premature mortality.
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 Glucocorticoids (GCs) are secreted from the adrenal gland in response to exposure to emotional and physiologic stressors and are responsible for modulating essential metabolic, cardiovascular, immune, and behavioral functions [1–3]. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) belongs to a family of nuclear hormone receptors that are ligand-dependent transcription factors.
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 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), also known as adenosine deaminase binding protein or cluster of differentiation 26 (CD26), is a serine exopeptidase able to recognizes an amino acid sequence having proline at the N-terminal penultimate position and inactivate this oligopeptides through the removal of N-terminal proline dipeptides [1, 2].
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 Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) also known as NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 or poly(ADP-ribose) synthase 1 is an enzyme that modifying nuclear proteins by poly ADP-ribosylation. PARP-1 is involved in modulating DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription, DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling through PARylation of downstream proteins. Also it is involved in differentiation, proliferation, tumor transformation and may participate in the pathophysiology of type I diabetes [1, 2].
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 The recent substantial progress in RNA biology underscores the importance of RNA in normal and aberrant cellular functions. Rather, it is now recognized that RNA is essential for transcriptional regulation, translational regulation, protein function, and catalysis, responsibilities that have classically been reserved for proteins.
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