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 The current produced by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels (termed If, cardiac pacemaker “funny” current, and Ih in neurons) is also considered a “pacemaker current” because it plays a key role in controlling the rhythmic activity of cardiac pacemaker cells and spontaneously firing neurons.
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 Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a highly abundant and ubiquitous molecular chaperone which plays an important role in the folding of newly synthesized proteins or stabilizing and refolding denatured proteins after stress. Its expression is associated with many types of tumors including breast cancer, pancreatic carcinoma, human leukemia and others.
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 The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, HMG-CoA, HMGCR) catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, an early and rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are the most effective class of drugs for lowering serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.
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 Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) disrupt the movement of calcium (Ca2+) through calcium channels. They are used as antihypertensive drugs, i.e., as medications to decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension. CCBs are particularly effective against large vessel stiffness, one of the common causes of elevated systolic blood pressure in elderly patients.
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 Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disorder, and confers a substantial mortality and morbidity from stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure, and impaired quality of life. With the increasingly elderly population in the developed world, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation is increasing, resulting in a major public-health problem.
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